Ukuhlolwa kwe-cosmos kubhalisa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ngokusebenza kwe-Tianwen-1 probe ku-Martian orbit. Imishini yasemkhathini ithole amarekhodi abonwayo anembayo aphezulu we-3I/ATLAS, indikimba yasezulwini umsuka wayo ngaphandle kwesistimu yethu yeplanethi yase iqinisekiswe kakade izazi zezinkanyezi.
Umcimbi wenzeka ngesikhathi into isondela ku-Planeta Vermelho, ebangeni elilinganiselwa kumakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-30. I-Esta imaki imele irekhodi lokuqala lesithombe lesivakashi esisuka kwenye isistimu yenkanyezi ethathwe emzileni weplanethi ngaphandle kwe-Terra.
Ulwazi oluthwetshulwe ubuchwepheshe baseShayina luletha idatha engakaze ibonwe emphakathini wesayensi womhlaba. Impahla yezithombe ivumela ukuhlaziya okujulile kwendlela elandelanayo, ukwakheka komzimba nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kwento ekukhaleni kwesikhala.
Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokusebenza kwezithombe emkhathini
Ukuthwebula izithombe kudinga ukulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezisetshenziswa ezisebhodini lophenyo. Ikhamera ye-HiRIC enokulungiswa okuphezulu, efakwe esakhiweni esiyinhloko, yayinenjongo yokuqala yokwenza imephu indawo emile nekhanyisiwe yenhlabathi ye-Martian.
Ukuze ukwazi ukulandelela okuqondiwe ngobukhulu obuncishisiwe kanye nokukhanya okuncane, onjiniyela babedinga ukuhlela kabusha amasistimu okulandelela emishini. Into ibihamba ngokushesha emkhathini, obekudinga ukulingiswa okuqinile kwe-trajectory ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalensi akhonjwe kuma-coordinates ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ithimba lezobuchwepheshe lithuthukise izikhathi zokuvezwa kwekhamera kumafrakshini amafushane kakhulu wesekhondi. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Essa bekubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe isivinini se-orbital yendikimba yasezulwini ekubangeleni ukuhlanekezela ezithombeni, kuqinisekiswe ubukhali obudingekayo ukuze kukhishwe idatha yesayensi. Inqubo ibonise ukuguquguquka kwesofthiwe yendiza kanye namandla okuphendula okusheshayo esikhungo sokulawula ku-Pequim ebusweni bezinhloso eziguquguqukayo ezingabonwanga kusengaphambili kububanzi bangempela bemishini.
Izici ezingokomzimba zomzimba wasezulwini
Izithombe ezicutshungulwe ngu-Administração Espacial Nacional we-China zibonisa umongo oqinile owakhiwe idwala neqhwa. Izilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi isakhiwo esimaphakathi cishe singamakhilomitha angu-5.6 ububanzi.
I-nucleus ibonakala izungezwe i-coma ewugqinsi, eyakhiwe amafu egesi kanye nezinhlayiya zothuli ezinwebeka izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Umsila wento wafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-56,000, ukhomba ngakolunye uhlangothi emisebeni yelanga.
Umzamo ohlanganyelwe we-ejensi yasemkhathini
Ukudlula kwe-3I/ATLAS kukhiqize ukugqugquzelwa okudidiyelwe phakathi kwezikhungo zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. U-Agência Espacial Europeia uqondise amathuluzi ophenyo lwe-Mars Express ukuze aqaphe isenzeko.
Isisetshenziswa se-ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter siphinde sasetshenziswa ukuze kuhambisane nokubhekwa okuvela kuma-engeli ahlukene wejiyomethri. Essa ukushintshashintsha kokubuka kusiza ekwakheni amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu zomsebenzi wegesi.
I-ejensi yasemkhathini yaseNyakatho Melika ibambe iqhaza emkhankasweni nge-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, yenza ikhamera ye-HiRISE isebenze ukuze kuqoshwe ukulungiswa okuphezulu kakhulu. Phansi, i-Perseverance rover yenze imizamo yokuthwebula ngokubuka ebusweni be-Marte.
I-Hope probe, ephethwe yi-Emirados Árabes Unidos, kanye nomsebenzi we-MAVEN unikeze idatha ye-spectrometric eyengeziwe. Ireferensi ephambanayo lolu lwazi icolisa izibalo ze-orbital namandla angewona adonsela phansi athinta into.
Izinkinga zokusebenza nokuxhumana
Ibanga lamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingama-29 phakathi kophenyo kanye nalokho okuhlosiwe libeke imigoqo enzima yethimba elilawulayo. Ochwepheshe babedinga ukubala ukulungisa okuhlosiwe okucabange ngesikhathi esisodwa isivinini sohambo lwe-Tianwen-1 kanye ne-hyperbolic trajectory yento ephakathi kwezinkanyezi. Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezinzwa zokubona kwakudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ekwehliseni isithunzi ikhwalithi yezithombe ezithwetshulwe endaweni ejulile.
Ukuthumela amaphakethe edatha ukusuka ku-Martian orbit kuya kuzinti ezamukelayo ku-Terra kwakha esinye isigaba esibalulekile somsebenzi. Amafayela edijithali adluliswa ngamabhulokhi ahlukene futhi kamuva akhiwa kabusha ngesofthiwe ekhethekile, okuholele ekulandeleni okugqwayizayo kokunyakaza kwendikimba yasezulwini. Inqubo ihlole umthamo omkhulu wenethiwekhi yokuxhumana yamabanga amade futhi yaqinisekisa izivumelwano zokuzulazula ezizimele.
Umlando wezinto ezingaphandle kwesimiso sonozungezilanga
I-3I/ATLAS ihlukaniswa njengendikimba yesithathu yasezulwini eqinisekisiwe ukuthi izongena ohlelweni lwethu lweplanethi isuka emkhathini wezinkanyezi. I-Ele ilandela ukutholwa okungokomlando kwe-‘Oumuamua, eyaqoshwa ngo-2017, kanye ne-2I/Borisov, ekhonjwe ngezibonakude ezisekelwe phansi ngo-2019.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kwemishini yaseShayina
Uhlelo lwase-China lwasemkhathini luhlanganise ubukhona balo ekuhloleni kwe-interplanetary selokhu kwethulwa le mishini ngoJulayi 2020. Ukufika ku-orbit ngo-February 2021 kanye nokuhlalisa okwalandela kwe-Zhurong rover endaweni eyi-Utopia Planitia kunikeze umthamo omkhulu wedatha ye-geological and atmospheric. I-orbiter igcine ukusebenza kwayo okugcwele ngemva kokuphothula izinjongo zayo eziyinhloko zemephu yomhlaba wonke, ukuyivumela ukuthi yenze izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokubuka okuhlosiwe okuhamba ngokushesha. Inkundla ye-orbital iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokugxila ekuhlaziyeni amaqhwa eqhwa asezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nokuguquguquka kweziphepho zothuli ezithinta umkhathi weplanethi, okuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kolwazi lwesayensi.
Ukulungiselela amaqoqo esampula esikhathi esizayo
Impumelelo ekulungiseni amathuluzi okubona ukuze kulandelelwe into iqinisekisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzulazula obuzosetshenziswa kumishini elandelayo. Ukunemba okukhonjiswe ekubalweni kwe-orbital kusebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezizimele.
I-Tianwen-2 mission izosebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo ukuze ibambe ama-asteroid aseduze ne-Terra futhi iqoqe izinto ezibonakalayo. Ukwazi lezi zindlela zokusebenza kukhulisa ikhono lokuhlola imizimba emincane nengavamile emkhathini.
Idatha ye-Spectral nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwedatha ethwebuliwe kubonisa ukuba khona okubalulekile kweqhwa lamanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide esakhiweni sento. Izinzwa ziphinde zithole amasiginesha amakhemikhali akhomba ukuba khona kwe-carbon monoxide ekubunjweni kwayo.
I-sublimation yalezi zinto, eqhutshwa imisebe yelanga, idala umsebenzi omkhulu obonwa enkabeni yamadwala. Into yayihamba ngesivinini esingaguquki samakhilomitha angama-58 ngomzuzwana phakathi nesikhathi sokukhishwa kwegesi okukhulu kakhulu.
Lokhu kumiswa kwamakhemikhali kusikisela ukuthi indikimba yasezulwini yakha endaweni enamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu ohlelweni lwenkanyezi yasekhaya. Ukucwaninga kwalezi zakhi kunikeza izinkomba eziphathekayo mayelana nezimo zomzimba ezikhona kumadiski e-protoplanetary atholakala kwezinye izindawo ze-Via Láctea.
Ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe nokuzulazula
Ukulungiselela irekhodi lezithombe kuqale izinyanga ngaphambi kwendlela eseduze, kusetshenziswa izixhumanisi ezinikezwe izindawo zokubuka ezifakwe ku-Terra. Idatha esekelwe phansi ivumele onjiniyela ukuthi bachaze amawindi okubuka ngokunembile okwenza kusebenze inzwa.
Ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe kwesikhathi sangempela kuthuthukise ama-algorithms okubona iphethini yokubuka ye-probe. Umsebenzi ongokoqobo uqinisa ingqalasizinda yesofthiwe edingekayo ekungeneni esikhathini esizayo ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zesistimu yeplanethi.
Ukubaluleka kokunemba kwe-astrometry
I-astrometry enembayo esetshenziswa phakathi nomcimbi wezithombe isetha indinganiso entsha yokulinganisa ukuma nokunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini kusuka kumapulatifomu e-orbital. Ikhono lokunquma izixhumanisi ezinembile zalokho okuhlosiwe ngokuhlobene nengemuva lezinkanyezi ezikude livumela abacwaningi ukubala i-hyperbolic orbit ngemajini ehlehliswe kakhulu yephutha. Amandla angewona adonsela phansi, njengokusheshisa okubangelwa ukuphuma kwamajethi egesi ku-nucleus, ashintsha ngobuqili umzila wasekuqaleni wento. Ukuqhubeka nokuqapha lokhu kuhlukahluka kusuka endaweni ephakeme emkhathini ojulile kususa ukuhlanekezela komoya okuthinta izibonakude ezisekelwe phansi, okuholela kudathasethi yezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi zokuhlanzeka okungakaze kubonwe ukuze kwenziwe imodeli ebonakalayo yezivakashi ezihlangana nezinkanyezi.
Amandla endiza nokulawula isimo sengqondo
Ukulawulwa kwesimo sengqondo se-probe kudlale indima enqumayo ekusimamiseni ilensi phakathi nezikhathi zokuchayeka ezibucayi. Ama-thruster aqondisayo enze ukulungiswa okuncane okuqhubekayo ukuze kunxephezele noma yikuphi ukudlidliza komshini okukhiqizwa ukusebenza kwamasistimu angaphakathi. Ukugcina ukukhomba okuphelele kudinga ukuvumelanisa okuphelele phakathi kwama-gyroscopes asebhodini kanye nekhompyutha yokuzulazula emaphakathi.
Ukwenza lezi ziqondiso endaweni ye-microgravity nangaphansi kwemisebe eqinile ye-cosmic kufakazela ukuqina kwezingxenye zehadiwe ezakhelwe le mishini. Ukuguga kwemvelo kwezinto zokusebenza ngemva kweminyaka yokusebenza emkhathini akuzange kuthikameze ukushesha okudingekayo ukuze kulandelwe umkhondo, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimiso zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kweplatifomu ye-orbital.