Isenzakalo sezinkanyezi esinezilinganiso ezinkulu saqoshwa amathuluzi asemhlabeni ngemva kokuhamba emkhathini isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu somlando wendawo yonke. I-Astrônomos ihlonze ukukhishwa komsakazo okugqame kakhulu, okuvela ekuhlanganeni okunodlame phakathi kwemithala emibili etholakala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili yokukhanya ukusuka emhlabeni wethu. Isignali, ekuqaleni eyayibhekwa njenge-hydroxyl megamaser, yethule ukukhanya okukhulu kangangokuthi ochwepheshe bahlongoza ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba ezintsha zomcimbi, bawuphakamisele esimweni se-gigamaser. Irekhodi le-Este limelela ukutholwa okukude kakhulu nokunamandla kohlobo lwayo olwake lwabhalwa emlandweni wokuhlolwa komkhathi, lunikeza idatha ebalulekile mayelana nokuziphatha kwento ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Le nsimbi yamandla eqondisayo yathwetshulwa kusetshenziswa itheleskopu yomsakazo ye-MeerKAT, inxanxathela yokubuka esezingeni eliphezulu efakwe ku-África ye-Sul. Idatha ecutshungulwe amakhompuyutha ale ndawo yembula imininingwane engakaze ibonwe mayelana nokuguquguquka kwegesi kanye nokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ngezikhathi ezikude endaweni yonke, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhe kabusha izenzakalo ezibonakalayo ezakha imithala yakudala.
Isistimu enesibopho sokukhipha isisu inezici ezihlukile ezivumela ukubhekwa okunembayo nokwenza ikhathalogi umphakathi wesayensi wamazwe ngamazwe:
– I-nomenclature esemthethweni yohlelo lokukhishwa yi-HATLAS J142935.3-002836.
– Ukukhishwa kwamandla kwenzeka ngokuqondile emugqeni we-spectral wamasentimitha angu-18.
– Amafrikhwensi okusebenza okuyiwona aqoshwa ku-1665 naku-1667 MHz.
Izinsimbi zokukhulisa amasignali endaweni ejulile
Inqubo yomzimba ngemuva kwalokhu kukhishwa iyafana nokusebenza kwemishini ye-laser yasemhlabeni, kodwa isebenza ngokwemvelo ebangeni le-microwave. Durante ukungqubuzana kwe-galactic, amafu amakhulu egesi yamangqamuzana acindezelwa ngokwedlulele kwamandla adonsela phansi, akhiqize indawo evumelana nesasasa lama-molecule e-hydroxyl akhona endaweni ethintwe ukushaqeka komshini.
Lokhu kusebenzisana okunobudlova kukhipha inani elikhulu lemisebe ye-ultraviolet, esebenza njengendlela eqhubekayo yokumpompa amandla. Umphumela oqondile uwukukhipha okuhambisanayo nokuhamba phambili okuhamba ku-vacuum yesikhala kuze kufike kubamukeli ngo-Terra, okudlula ngezigidi zezikhathi ukukhanya kwezibonisi ezivamile ezivame ukubonwa ngaphakathi kwe-Via Láctea.
Iqhaza lesibonakude somsakazo i-MeerKAT ekuthwebuleni
Inxanxathela ye-MeerKAT yakhiwe izitsha zesathelayithi ezixhumene ezingama-64, ezisebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo endaweni ewugwadule yaseNingizimu Afrika. I-Essa ingqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza imephu ye-hydrogen engathathi hlangothi namanye amasiginesha amakhemikhali anokuzwela okungakaze kubonwe kusayensi yezinkanyezi yomsakazo yesimanje, ithwebula amaza angaphunyuka kumishini yesizukulwane sangaphambilini.
Ukutholwa kwesiginali ye-hydroxyl kwenzeke ngesikhathi sohlolo olujwayelekile lwe-deep-sky, okubonisa ikhono lethuluzi lokuhlonza okudidayo phakathi komsindo omkhulu wangemuva we-cosmic. Ukunemba kwezamukeli zomsakazo bekubalulekile ukuze kuhlukaniswe amafrikhwensi athile okukhishwayo nokuqinisekisa imvelo yesimo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa komhlaba.
Lesi sikhungo sisebenza njengesandulela esiqondile sephrojekthi ye-Square Kilometre Array, umzamo wamazwe ngamazwe othembisa ukwandisa ukuqonda kwabantu ngokuvela kwemithala. Ukuhlonzwa kwe-gigamaser kusebenza njengokuhlola ukulinganisa okuqinile kokusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo kwale nethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamabonakude omsakazo.
I-Gravitational lensing njengento enqumayo ekubukeni
Ukuqondanisa kwe-cosmic okunenhlanhla bekubalulekile ukuze isignali ifinyelele kumathuluzi asemhlabeni ngamandla aqoshwe amakhompyutha. Entre uhlelo lwe-HATLAS J142935.3-002836 kanye ne-Terra, kukhona umthala omaphakathi omkhulu osebenza njengengilazi ekhulisayo yemvelo yezilinganiso zezinkanyezi.
Lesi sigameko esibonakalayo, ekuqaleni esabikezelwa ngu-Teoria kusuka ku-Relatividade Geral, ku-astrophysics saziwa ngokuthi yi-gravitational lensing. Amandla adonsela phansi amakhulu omthala ongaphambili agobile futhi agxilisa amaza omsakazo avela ekungqubuzaneni komthala ngemuva, eqondisa umsebe okhulisiwe ngokuqondile esigungwini sethu sonozungezilanga.
Ngaphandle kwalo mphumela wokukhulisa wemvelo, ukukhishwa kwe-microwave cishe kuzohlala kungaphansi kwemikhawulo yokutholwa yobuchwepheshe bamanje. I-Gravitational lensing ayizange ikhulise kuphela ukukhanya okusobala kwesignali, kodwa futhi ivumele ukubhekwa kwemininingwane yesakhiwo sezifunda ezikhipha igesi ngokulungiswa okuphezulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lokuhlanekezela okubangelwa i-lensing kunikeza idatha eyengeziwe mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezimnyama kumthala ongenelelayo. I-Isso iguqula ukutholwa kube ithuluzi elikabili lezazi zezinkanyezi ukuze ziphenye ngesikhathi esisodwa izingxenye ezihlukene nezinkathi zendawo yonke ebonakalayo.
Amandla okushayisana kwegalaksi endaweni yonke yokuqala
Isenzakalo esirekhodiwe senzeka ngesikhathi lapho indawo yonke yayicishe ibe yingxenye yenkathi yayo yamanje, isikhathi sokulandelana kwezikhathi esibonakala ngomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-cosmic. Quando amagalaksi amabili anothe ngegesi ayashayisana, amandla adonsela phansi anyakazisa ama-orbit awo asekuqaleni, ajikijela izinkanyezi nezinto ezingaphakathi kwezinkanyezi emigwaqweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Esse Ukushaqeka komshini akuzibhubhisi izinkanyezi ngazinye ngenxa yamabanga amakhulu azihlukanisayo, kodwa kubangela umthelela onobudlova emafini othuli negesi yamangqamuzana, kubangele iziqephu eziqhumayo nezisheshayo zokwakheka kwenkanyezi entsha ezifundeni ezimbalwa zesistimu ehlanganisiwe.
Izinga elisheshiswayo lokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi lisebenzisa ngokushesha imithombo yegesi etholakalayo, liguqule unomphela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emithala ehilelekile ekungqubuzaneni. I-gigamaser etholiwe isebenza njengebhakhoni yomsakazo ekhanyisa ngqo umsuka wale nqubo yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo. Ngokufunda izici zokukhishwa kwe-microwave, ososayensi bangakwazi ukwenza imephu ukuminyana, izinga lokushisa kanye nesivinini somoya we-galactic okhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, banikeze isithombe esithembekile sezimo zenyama nezamakhemikhali ezakha izakhiwo ezinkulu zendawo yonke eminyakeni eyizigidigidi edlule.
Umehluko wobuchwepheshe phakathi kwama-megasers nama-gigamasers
I-nomenclature esetshenziswa ku-astronomy yerediyo ukuze kuhlukaniswe lokhu kukhishwayo kusekelwe ngokuqondile esikalini sokukhanya sento eqhathaniswa namandla akhishwa i-Sol. Enquanto Izibonisi ze-galactic zendabuko zinokukhanya okulinganiselwe okukhawulelwe ezifundeni ezincane zokwakheka kwenkanyezi, ama-megamas, avame ukutholakala kuma-nuclei omthala asebenzayo, anokukhanya okuphindwe ngezigidi. Kodwa-ke, isignali evela ohlelweni lwe-HATLAS J142935.3-002836 idlule lolu phawu ngohlelo olwengeziwe lobukhulu, okubonisa ukwamukelwa kwesiqalo esiqondile se-gigamaser. Essa umehluko wobuchwepheshe ukhombisa ukuba khona kwezimo ezibucayi zomzimba kanye nevolumu yegesi yamangqamuzana ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo ebonwe ezenzakalweni zangaphambilini. Ukukhulisa imvelo kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesidingo somgodi wokwenziwa onezibuko, kuye ngokuphelele ngezinga elikhulu lefu le-hydroxyl kanye nokuhleleka okuphelele kwama-molecule avuselelwe eduze komugqa wokubona kwezibonakude ezisekelwe phansi.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwamaza omsakazo
Ukuzinza kokukhiphayo kuvumela into ukuthi iqashwe ngokuhlelekile kumaseshini amaningi okubuka izinkanyezi. Pesquisadores gcina ukulandelela okusebenzayo kwe-microwave beam ukuze kuhlonzwe ukushintshashintsha kwamandla okungase kubonise izinguquko esakhiweni sangaphakathi sefu legesi elishayisanayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yamaza amaza amaningi
Ukuze uqonde sonke isenzakalo esibonakalayo, umphakathi wesayensi uhlela ukuqondisa izimboni ezinkulu ze-optical kanye ne-infrared kuzixhumanisi ezifanayo zasezulwini. Ukuhlanganisa idatha ekhishwe ku-spectra ye-electromagnetic ehlukene kuzosiza ukwakha imodeli enembile yezinhlangothi ezintathu yokuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-galactic.
Le ndlela yophenyo yemikhakha eminingi ibalulekile ukuze kulinganiswe inani legesi eliphelele elihilelekile kule nqubo kanye nokulinganisa ngokunembile izinga lokwakheka kwenkanyezi elihambisana nokushaqeka. I-gigamaser izoqhubeka nokusebenza njengelebhu yemvelo yamangqamuzana esikalini se-cosmic, ihlinzeka ngedatha eluhlaza yokulinganisa amathuluzi amasha.
