Ukuhamba kwe-interstellar comet 3I / Atlas ngeyona ndawo ikufutshane kwiplanethi yethu yaphakamisa imibuzo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi malunga nokusebenzisana okunokwenzeka kwezinto zayo kunye nomoya womhlaba. I-Astrophysicist Avi Loeb, umphandi kwi-Universidade Harvard, wenze uphando oluqinileyo ukuvavanya iingozi ezinxulumene nelifu legesi kunye nothuli oluhamba kunye nomzimba wezulu. Ingqwalasela ephambili yophando yayikubukho bemichiza ethile yekhemikhali, efana ne-cyanide, efunyenwe ngexesha lendlela ephezulu eyenzeka ngoDisemba.
Ubalo lwemathematika kunye nolwenyama olwenziwe ngusosayensi lubonise ukuba umgama omde wokujikeleza ugcina naziphi na izinto ezinokuba yingozi kude nendawo yempembelelo yeplanethi. Into esemajukujukwini inqumla isithuba malunga nezigidi ezingama-269 zeekhilomitha ukusuka kumphezulu woMhlaba, umda obonwa ukhuseleke kakhulu ngokwemigangatho yeenkwenkwezi nokuthintela ukungcoliseka komoya esiwuphefumlayo.
Uqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha lwesakhiwo sonke sento lwalunokwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweteleskopu yendawo ye-James Webb, eyabamba idatha echanekileyo malunga ne-coma ye-comet kwi-infrared spectra. Izixhobo ezinovakalelo oluphezulu zichonge isignesha ye-spectral ye-cyanide kunye ne-cyanogen, izinto ezithi, nangona ziqhelekileyo ekubunjweni kwee-comets, zifuna ukubeka iliso ngokuqhubekayo xa kuziwa kwimizimba evela ngaphandle kwe-Sistema Solar. Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectroscopic luvumele izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba zenze imephu yesantya sokunyuswa kwezi gesi njengoko le nto yayifudunyezwa yimitha yelanga.
Idatha edityaniswe zii-arhente zasemajukujukwini ikhomba kwezi mpawu zilandelayo zesicatshulwa:
– Distância irekhodwe ubuncinane beekhilomitha ezingama-269 ezigidi ngokunxulumene neglowubhu.
– Composição ikhemistri elawulwa yikharbon dayoksayidi kwindawo yokumka.
– Presença yengca ye-cyanide kunye ne-nickel kwisakhiwo esikhulu segesi esijikeleze i-nucleus.
– Atividade yendalo engqongqo engqongqo, ngaphandle kohlobo lokukhawulezisa olungaqhelekanga.
Umkhondo kunye nemvelaphi yondwendwe lwasemajukujukwini
Ubhaqo lokuqala lwe-3I/Atlas lwenzekile ngomhla wokuqala kaJulayi, ngenkqubo yesilumkiso ye-ATLAS ekwinqanaba eliphezulu, ebekwe kwiindawo zokuphonononga eziphakamileyo kwi-Chile. Ukuchongwa okukhawulezileyo kwavumela izazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwihlabathi lonke ukuba zalathise izixhobo zazo ze-optical kunye nerediyo ukubala eyona ndlela ijikelezayo yento. Idatha yokuqala esetyenziwe yaqinisekisa ubume bayo obaxiweyo, ingqina ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ayibotshelelwanga kwi-Sol.
Lo mzimba wesibhakabhaka umele undwendwe lwesithathu oluphakathi kweenkwenkwezi olwamkelwa ngokusesikweni yinzululwazi yale mihla yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Ele ilandela emanyathelweni easteroid ‘Oumuamua, efunyenwe kwiminyaka edlulileyo enemilo engaqhelekanga, kunye ne-comet Borisov, ehlanganisa ixesha elitsha lezifundo kwimathiriyeli ezenziwe kwezinye iisistim zeenkwenkwezi eziwela ubumelwane bethu be-cosmic manqaphanqapha.
Isantya secomet sidlula umxhelo weekhilomitha ezingama-60 ngomzuzwana, nto leyo engqina imvelaphi yayo yangaphandle. Isantya esiphezulu sesantya se-Essa siqinisekisa ukuba into iwela kuphela i-Sistema Solar kwindlela enye, ibuyela kwindawo enzulu, emnyama emva kokudlula inkwenkwezi esembindini ngaphandle kokubanjwa ngumxhuzulane wayo.
Uhlalutyo olunzulu lweegesi ezikhutshwe
Umsebenzi wophando kwi-Avi Loeb ugxininise kwizinga lokulahleka kobunzima be-comet nucleus njengoko isondela kwi-perihelion, indawo esondele kakhulu kwi-Sol. Utilizando idatha ye-thermal esuka ku-James Webb, umphandi wenze imodeli yendlela iigesi eziphuma ngayo ngumphunga kumkhenkce wokuqala kwaye zande kwivacuum yesithuba. Uphando lubonise ukuba ilifu le-cyanide likhawuleza lisasaze iikhilomitha ezizizigidi ezimbalwa ukusuka kumbindi oqinileyo, liphulukene nokuxinana ngokubonakalayo.
Amandla okuqhuba emva kokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza ngumoya welanga, umlambo oqhubekayo kunye nonamandla wamasuntswana ahlawulweyo akhutshwa yi-Sol kuwo onke amacala. I-Esse isenzeko sisebenza njengesixhobo esikhulu sokuskena se-cosmic, ukutyhala iimolekyuli zegesi eyityhefu kunye nothuli olucolekileyo ukusuka kwindlela ye-Terra, ithintela nakuphi na ukuqokeleleka okuyingozi kwisithuba esiphakathi kweeplanethi ezikufutshane neplanethi yethu.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali okuvezwe ngeeteleskopu
I-spectroscopy ephezulu ibonise ukuba i-carbon dioxide isebenza njengenxalenye ephambili yesakhiwo segesi ye-3I / Atlas. Essa inqaku libonelela ngemikhondo ebalulekileyo malunga nobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo lwediski yeprotoplanetary apho i-comet yenza iibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba iqalise uhambo lwayo lodwa kumnyele.
Ukongeza kwikharbon diokside, abenzi boluvo barekhoda amanqanaba ecyanide afana kakhulu nalawo afunyanwa kwii-comets zomthonyama kwi-Nuvem ye-Oort, ummandla womkhenkce kumda wenkqubo yethu. Outros izinto ezichongiweyo kwilifu elisasazekileyo ziquka icarbon monoxide, umphunga wamanzi kunye nentsimbi yenickel, eyenza utyikityo lwekhemikhali oluntsonkothileyo olubangela umdla kubaphandi.
Ngexesha lesigaba esisondeleyo, iiteleskopu ezisekelwe emhlabeni kunye ne-Hubble yokujonga irekhoda inguqu ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kwi-coma yento. Umbala wokuqala obomvu ngokuthe ngcembe waguqulwa waba ngamathoni aluhlaza okhanyayo, utshintsho lwekhemikhali oludityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo nokuqhekeka kweeathomu zekhabhoni ye-diatomic phantsi kokukhanya okukhulu kwe-ultraviolet ekhutshwa ngu-Sol.
Ukuqwalaselwa okuqhubekayo kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi we-comet uquka kuphela ukuthotywa kwe-ices evezwe kubushushu. Não ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-atypical, i-core fragmentations okanye iijethi ezikhomba indlela ziye zachongwa ezinokuthi zicebise naluphi na uhlobo lwe-propulsion engaqhelekanga, ukuqinisa ulwahlulo lwayo njengomzimba oqhelekileyo kunye noqikelelo lwesibhakabhaka.
Iindlela zokukhusela inkqubo yelanga
Uyilo lwenkqubo yethu yeplanethi ibonelela ngemiqobo yendalo esebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene nokungena kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezivela kwindawo enzulu. Ukwahlula okuncinci phakathi kwe-orbit yomhlaba kunye ne-comet’s trajectory kudlule uphawu lwe-1.8 Unidade Astronômica, elilingana nomgama omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukutshitshisa nayiphi na ingozi yokungcoliswa kwe-atmospheric. Nessa ephawulekayo kwisikali, ubuninzi belifu lerhasi alibonakali nangaphambi kokuba linqumle kumjikelezo weplanethi Marte.
Ukongeza, uxinzelelo lwemitha yelanga ludlala indima ephambili ekukhuselweni ngokwasemzimbeni kweeplanethi zangaphakathi. Amasuntswana aqinileyo emicroscopic akwaziyo ukuqhawuka kwinucleus kwaye axhathise ukuphuma komphunga akhutshelwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo kukukhanya kwelanga. Amaqhezu othuli anqabileyo athi ekugqibeleni afikelele kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba engaphezulu aphele etshiswa kukukhuhlana ngamaqhezu omzuzwana, avelise kuphela iinkwenkwezi ezinezingqimba ezingenabungozi ezingabonakaliyo ngeliso lenyama, ngaphandle kwenethuba elincinane lokufikelela kumphezulu oqinileyo.
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo zii-arhente zasemajukujukwini
Ukubek’esweni umkhondo we-3I/Atlas kuhlanganise uthungelwano lwehlabathi lweziseko ezingundoqo zenzululwazi, ezibandakanya iiteleskopu ezinamandla ze-Gemini yokujonga, kunye neesathelayithi ezisetyenziswa yi-arhente yasemajukujukwini kunye ne-arhente yasemntla Melika. Imifanekiso ethathwe kwisithuba se-post-perihelion ibonise uphuhliso lweejethi ezintsonkothileyo zothuli kunye ne-coma eyandisiweyo eyandisa amakhulu amawaka eekhilomitha kwivacuum. Esse iinzame zokubek’ esweni ezihlangeneyo ezingaphazamisekiyo aziqinisekisanga nje kuphela ukuchaneka okupheleleyo kobalo lokhuseleko lwe-orbital, kodwa kwaphucula uvimba weenkcukacha ze-astrophysics zala maxesha kwiintshukumo zemizimba ye-interstellar. Uphononongo lokuthelekisa umlinganiselo we-isotopic ofunyenwe kwigesi ye-comet ivumela abaphandi ukuba baqonde ukufana kunye nokwahlukana okusisiseko phakathi kwekhemistri ye-Sistema Solar yethu kunye neyeminye imimandla ye-Via Láctea, ukuguqula isicatshulwa esiqhelekileyo sibe yithuba elikhethekileyo lokuqokelela idatha ephambili kwi-chemical formation yendalo yonke.
Ukunqongophala kobungqina bezobuchwepheshe
Ngexesha lokulungiselela uphando, i-Avi Loeb iphinde yajongana neengcamango eziqikelelwayo ezihlala zivela kumajelo eendaba ngokufika kwezinto ezikhawulezayo ezivela ngaphandle kwenkqubo. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi siqikelele inani lamaqhekeza amakhulu akhutshiweyo kwaye wajonga ngononophelo iziphazamiso kwigophe lokukhanya lento, ekhangela naluphi na uphawu oluphambukayo kwindlela yokuziphatha ye-thermodynamic elindelekileyo kwilitye lomkhenkce.
Isiphelo sophononongo sasinocategorical ekuchazeni ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kobungqina obuya kukhomba kwimvelaphi yetekhnoloji okanye eyenziweyo. I-3I/Atlas iziphathe ngokungqongqo ngokungqinelana nemithetho yefiziksi yakudala esetyenziswa kwizigaqa zomkhenkce kunye namatye aphantsi kobushushu beenkwenkwezi ezikhulayo, ichitha iithiyori ezizezinye malunga nendalo yazo.
Ukhuseleko lweplanethi luqinisekisiwe
Iimodeli zemathematika ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye noqwalaselo olunobungqina ziye zadibana ngazwi-nye ukuze zingqine ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwesijikelezi-langa kuso sonke isiganeko se-astronomi. Ukusasazwa okukhawulezayo kweegesi kwi-vacuum kunye nemigama engavumelekanga yaqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokutyelela i-interstellar yenzeke kuphela njengombono wesayensi oxabisekileyo, ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi kwimfezeko ye-atmosfera okanye ubomi bomhlaba.
