Idatha yakamuva ethwetshulwe ngu-Telescópio Espacial James Webb iveze ukugcwala okuphezulu ngokungavamile kwe-deuterium ekukhishweni kwama-molecule asuka entweni ye-interstellar engu-3I/ATLAS. Ukutholwa, okwenziwa amaqembu amabili omhlaba wezazi zezinkanyezi, kukhomba ubukhulu be-deuterium ngokuhlobene ne-hydrogen edlula kude amanani aqoshwe kuma-comets angu-Sistema Solar. Indikimba yasezulwini yadlula ngokushesha endaweni engaphakathi yesistimu yethu, ivumela ukubhekwa okuningiliziwe kwe-spectroscopic yokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nomgudu wayo endaweni ejulile.
Ukuhlaziya kugxile kakhulu ekukhishweni kwe-methane namanzi okukhishwe yisivakashi sezinkanyezi phakathi nokusondela kwayo eduze kwe-Sol. I-Deuterium, i-isotopu ye-hydrogen ezinzile ene-neutron eyengeziwe ku-nucleus yayo, isebenza njengomkhondo wamakhemikhali oyisisekelo wokuqonda izinga lokushisa kanye nezimo zokuminyana ezindaweni ezakha amaplanethi. Ukuba khona okuchichimayo kwalesi sakhi kusikisela ukuthi indikimba yasezulwini yavela endaweni ebanda kakhulu futhi yasendulo, ehluke kakhulu ezimweni ezabangela indawo yethu yendawo yonke.
Abacwaningi bahlonze izici zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele ngesikhathi sokudlula komzimba wasezulwini, okuhlanganisa:
– Detecção yama-molecule ephilayo ngedatha ye-spectroscopic eseduze ne-infrared.
– U-Medições wamanzi anemiyalo yokucebisa ye-isotopic yobukhulu obukhulu kunama-comets aziwayo.
– Assinaturas okubonisa ukwakheka endaweni entula insimbi ekuqaleni kwe-Via Láctea.
Izilinganiso ze-Isotopic zembula indawo yokwakheka ehlukile
Amathuluzi anemba okuphezulu alinganise isilinganiso se-deuterium-to-hydrogen cishe esingaba ngu-0.95% emanzini akhishwe into, inani elimelela ngaphezu kwenani eliphindwe kashumi kunani elitholakala kuma-comets aklanywe ngaphambilini ososayensi. Ukuhlaziywa kwesibili okuzimele kuthole ingxenye emangaza nakakhulu engaba ngu-3.31% ku-methane, izinga elithathwa njengeyivelakancane kakhulu ezintweni eziphakathi kwezinkanyezi. Essas amasiginesha amakhemikhali asebenza njenge-cosmic fossil, ebonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwento kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-30 Kelvin, endaweni yomthala enobukhona obuphansi bezinto ezisindayo.
Amamodeli we-galactic chemical evolution asetshenziswa kudatha aphakamisa ukuthi ukutholwa kwale nto kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 nezingu-12 edlule, kudala ngaphambi kokwakheka kwe-Sol ngokwayo. Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokucubungula lolu lwazi lalihlanganisa ukubamba iqhaza kososayensi abavela ku-Goddard Space Flight Center kanye ne-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, zombili ezixhunywe kwi-ejensi yasemkhathini yaseNyakatho Melika. Ucwaningo, olubhala lezi zilinganiso ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili ze-carbon-12 kuya ku-carbon-13 uma kuqhathaniswa namafu aseduze e-interstellar namadiski e-protoplanetary, zihanjiswe kumajenali esayensi anomphumela omkhulu njenge-Nature Astronomy kanye ne-Nature.
Ama-hypotheses mayelana nemvelaphi yendikimba yasezulwini azuza izici ezintsha
Ubuningi be-deuterium etholakala ku-ejecta iphumela enqubweni yokwakheka kudiski ye-protoplanetary yakudala, eneqhwa. Ababhali bocwaningo baphetha ngokuthi i-3I/ATLAS yakheka ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu esikhathini esidlule esikude somthala, ibamba ama-isotopes asindayo ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu kunendikimba yasezulwini yendawo. Essa Ukuhumusha kwemvelo kuchaza idatha eqoqwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphendukela kuzinqubo zokwenziwa noma ezixakile.
Isazi sezinkanyezi Avi Loeb, esiqashelwa esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme ukuze sihlole amathuba obuchwepheshe kubavakashi abaphakathi kwezinkanyezi, siphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokutholwe kwakamuva. I-Ele igqamise ukuthi i-deuterium, uma ihlanganiswe ne-tritium, ibamba iqhaza ngokukhuthele ekuphenduleni kwe-nuclear fusion, okuyisisekelo socwaningo lwamandla ahlanzekile ku-Terra. Essa izici ezingavamile izimpikiswano ezikhuthazayo mayelana nokwenzeka kwe-elementi emele isiginesha yobuchwepheshe.
Naphezu kwemibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-isotope njengophethiloli ongase ube khona wokuhlanganisa, abacwaningi abaningi babeka phambili izincazelo ezisekelwe kuzinqubo zemvelo ze-astrophysical. Ukugcinwa kwama-molecule akhishiwe endaweni yezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kuyisimo esibhalwe ekulingiseni kwamakhemikhali aphakathi kwezinkanyezi, okuqinisekisa i-thesis yomsuka ongokwemvelo yesivakashi.
Imininingwane yezilinganiso ze-spectroscopic phakathi nokusondela
Ukuqaphela kuthwebule ukukhishwa kwegesi ezungeze into njengoba nje yeqa indawo eshisa kakhulu yomjikelezo wayo. Ukutholwa kwama-molecule e-deuterated ku-methane kumelela isimo esiyivelakancane kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezivakashi ze-interstellar, ezidinga okokusebenza okubucayi kakhulu. Ukuhlaziya idatha ehlanganisiwe evela kumathuluzi amaningi aphakathi kwetheleskopu yesikhala ukuze kucwengwe izilinganiso ze-isotopic ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe.
Ababhali ababambisene balezi zihloko zesayensi ezimbili bethula ukunqwabelana okukhulu eziphethweni zabo, okuqinisa ukuvumelana kwemiphumela yokuqala eshicilelwe. Izilinganiso zamanzi zibonisa ukunothisa okungahambisani namamodeli okwakheka kwesistimu yethu yamaplanethi. I-Methane iveza amanani ahluke nakakhulu maqondana namaplanethi amakhulukazi kanye nezinyanga ezineqhwa esezifundiwe.
Ukucubungula idatha ye-spectroscopic kudinga ukubambisana kwamaqembu avela ezikhungweni zocwaningo ezihlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwehlukanisa amasignali amakhemikhali ku-spectrum ye-infrared kusivumele ukuthi sihlukanise isiginesha ye-deuterium ekukhishweni kwe-hydrogen evamile. Esse Izinga lemininingwane lenzekile ngenxa yesikhundla esikhethekile sendawo yokubuka umkhathi.
Imiphumela igqamisa umehluko omangalisayo phakathi kwe-3I/ATLAS nezindikimba zasezulwini ezizungeza i-Sol. Amasiginesha e-isotopic adlulele akhomba ngokungananaziyo endaweni yensimbi ephansi kanye namazinga okushisa asondele ku-zero. Ukulondolozwa kwala ma-molecule aguquguqukayo kubonisa ukuthi into yahamba emkhathini wezinkanyezi ngaphandle kokubona ukushisa okubalulekile kuze kube yilapho isondela kamuva.
Ingqikithi yesayensi yezinkanyezi yandisa inkulumo-mpikiswano kubavakashi bangaphandle
I-3I/ATLAS imele into yesithathu eqinisekisiwe ye-interstellar ukuvakashela isimiso sonozungezilanga sangaphakathi, silandela ezinyathelweni zabanduleli bayo abadumile. I-Sua i-hyperbolic trajectory kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunikeza amathuba ayingqayizivele okufunda izinto ezingaguquki ezivela kwamanye amasistimu ezinkanyezi. Izilinganiso ezintsha zengeza izingqimba ezibalulekile zolwazi mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali okukhona ezindaweni zasendulo zomthala.
Ukudlula ngokushesha kwendikimba yasezulwini kwakudinga impendulo ehlanganisiwe evela ezindaweni zokubuka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthwebula idatha ngaphambi kokuthi isuke nakanjani. Ikhono lokuhlaziya ukwakheka kocezu lwesinye isimiso sezinkanyezi ngokuqondile endaweni yakithi liguqula indlela ososayensi abaqonda ngayo ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhi endaweni yonke. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwama-trajectories amangalisayo kufakazele ukuthi kubalulekile ukuhlonza lezi zivakashi eziyivelakancane.
Inqwaba yama-isotopes nemithelela yokwakheka kwamaplanethi
Ososayensi bagcizelela ukuthi ukwakheka kwamadiski e-protoplanetary abandayo kuchaza kahle ukugcinwa kwe-deuterium kuma-molecule afana namanzi ne-methane. I-Esse inqubo yokucebisa ye-isotopic yenzeka phakathi kwezigidigidi zeminyaka ngaphansi kwemisebe ecacile kanye nezimo zokuminyana. Ukuhumusha kwamanje kuqondanisa idatha yokuqaphela namamodeli etiyori amukelwa kakhulu e-galactic evolution.
Okubhekiwe kunomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi izinto zakuqala zinqwabelana kanjani ezinhlelweni zezinkanyezi ezikude. Into ikhiphe amagesi asebenza njengefasitela esikhathini esedlule, evumela ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali koqobo. Pesquisadores qhubeka nokucubungula umthamo omkhulu wolwazi oluqoqwe phakathi nephaseji ukuze kukhishwe idatha eyengeziwe.
Intuthuko ekuqondeni amakhemikhali emafini amangqamuzana
Ukutholwa kwamazinga aphezulu e-deuterium ku-3I/ATLAS kunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bokubheka mayelana nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka emafwini amakhulu wamamolekyuli, izinkulisa zezinkanyezi. Durante izigaba zokuqala zokuwa kwalawa mafu, amazinga okushisa aphansi athanda ukusabela kokushintshisana kwe-isotopic lapho i-deuterium ithatha indawo ye-hydrogen evamile kuma-molecule akheke phezu kothuli lwezinhlamvu ze-cosmic. Quando isistimu yeplanethi iqala ukumila, lezi zinhlamvu ezimbozwe iqhwa elicebile i-deuterium zinqwabelana ndawonye zenze ama-planetesimals kanye nenkanyezi enomsila. Iqiniso lokuthi i-3I/ATLAS iveza ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kunokwesistimu yethu kusikisela ukuthi yakheke efwini lamangqamuzana anezici ezihluke kakhulu zokushisa namakhemikhali kune-primordial solar nebula. Essa ukungafani kwamakhemikhali akuqinisekisi nje kuphela imvelaphi yento engaphandle kwelanga, kodwa futhi kusebenza njengelabhorethri yemvelo yokuhlola imibono ye-astrophysical mayelana nokuhluka kwesilinganiso se-deuterium-to-hydrogen kuwo wonke umlando we-Via Láctea, okuhlinzeka ngesixhumanisi esibambekayo phakathi kwekhemistri ebonwa ezindaweni ezikude zokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ngemizimba ephakathi kwezinkanyezi.
Ucwaningo luqinisa isidingo sokuqapha okuqhubekayo
Amathimba ocwaningo ahlela ukucolisiswa okwengeziwe kumamodeli wokutolika idatha ukuze ahlanganise okutholakele kokuqala. Ukutholwa kwamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo kuvula indlela yophenyo lwesikhathi esizayo ngobunkimbinkimbi bamakhemikhali aphakathi kwezinkanyezi. Icala le-3I/ATLAS libonisa ngokusobala ukubaluleka kokugcina izibonakude ezithuthukisiwe zasemkhathini zisebenza ukuze kuhlolwe ngokushesha kanye nokuhlaziya izinto ezikude ezinqamula indawo yethu ye-cosmic.
