Yini amandla adonsela phansi? Ithiyori ka-Einstein ayihambelani ne-quantum idala iziphakamiso ezintsha

Amandla adonsela phansi agcina izinto zinamathele emhlabathini futhi abangela izindikimba zasemkhathini ukuthi zilandele ama-trajectories angabikezelwa endaweni yonke. I-Cientistas ifune izincazelo zalesi simo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ngomshini we-Newtonian onikeza incazelo yokuqala esebenze ezimweni eziningi eziqashiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukungezwani kuvele ekuqapheliseni okunembayo, njengokushintshwa kwe-perihelion ye-Mercúrio, okungangenanga kahle ezibalweni zasendulo.

U-Albert Einstein wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana okukhethekile ngo-1905, ebeka ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya lihlala lingashintshile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu obukayo uhamba kanjani. Indlela ye-Essa iguqule imiqondo eyisisekelo yesikhathi nendawo, iyithatha njengesethi edidiyelwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-space-time. Ukuhlobana okukhethekile kwakuphathelene nokunyakaza okufanayo, kodwa kwashiya imibuzo evulekile yezinkambu zokusheshisa nezinamandla adonsela phansi.

• Ukulingana phakathi kwesisindo esine-inertial kanye nesisindo samandla adonsela phansi kusebenze njengesisekelo sokwandisa ithiyori.
• Ukuhlolwa okucatshangwayo okunamakheshi asheshayo kwasiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo imiphumela engenakuhlukaniswa namandla adonsela phansi.
• Ukungaguquguquki kokukhanya kube nomthelela ezibalweni mayelana nokunwetshwa kwesikhashana nokufinyela kobude.

U-Einstein washicilela inkolelo-mbono ye-general relativity ngo-1915, echaza amandla adonsela phansi hhayi njengamandla okukhanga kude, kodwa njengokugoba kwesikhathi sendawo okubangelwa ubunzima namandla. I-Objetos enkulu ikhubaza le ndwangu, futhi eminye imizimba ilandela izindlela ze-geodesic, ezibonakala zigobile ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yangaphandle. Umbono we-Essa uxazulule ukulandelwa okumangalisayo kwe-Mercúrio futhi wabikezela izenzakalo ezifana nokuchezuka kokukhanya ngezinkambu zamandla adonsela phansi.

Ijika lesikhathi sasemkhathini nezibikezelo eziqinisekisiwe

Ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuchaza ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi njengendlela eqondile emkhathini ogobile eduze kuka-Sol. I-Planetas ayiweli iqonde ngqo enkanyezini ngoba ilandela i-geometry eshintshwe isisindo solar, ihlanganisa inertia nalokhu kugoba. I-Observações phakathi nokusitheka kwelanga iqinisekise ukuchezuka kokukhanya kwenkanyezi lapho idlula eduze ne-Sol, iqinisekisa izilinganiso ze-Einstein.

Umthelela welensi yamandla adonsela phansi wenzeka lapho imithala noma amaqoqo amakhulu ahlanekezela ukukhanya okuvela ezintweni ezikude, kwakheka izithombe eziningi noma ezikhulisiwe. I-Telescópios efana ne-James Webb ithwebula lokhu kuhlanekezela ngamaqoqo afana ne-El Gordo, okusivumela ukuthi sifunde izifunda ezikude zomhlaba wonke. Ukushintsha okubomvu kwamandla adonsela phansi kwandisa ubude begagasi bokukhanya okuphuma ezindaweni eziqinile, esinye isenzakalo esibonwa ezinkanyezini nasezimbotsheni ezimnyama.

Ukulinganisa kanye nokuhlolwa komcabango kumbono we-Einstein

U-Einstein wasebenzisa isimiso sokulingana ukuze akhe ukuhlobana okuvamile, ephawula ukuthi umuntu ekwindla yamahhala akazizwa isisindo, esifana nendawo engenawo amandla adonsela phansi. Isisebenzi esiwa ophahleni sigqugquzele ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusheshisa namandla adonsela phansi kukhiqiza imiphumela efanayo ngamavolumu amancane. Essa umqondo uvumele amandla adonsela phansi ukuthi aphathwe njengejometri esikhundleni samandla avamile.

Ku-elevator esheshayo emkhathini, umsebe we-laser ungabonakala ugobile kumuntu obukele ngaphandle kodwa uqonde kulabo abangaphakathi. Ukugoba okufanayo kuvela lapho kukhona insimu yangempela yamandla adonsela phansi. Essa ukungehlukaniseki kuqinisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi avela esakhiweni sesikhathi sasemkhathini, hhayi ekusebenzelaneni okuhlukile.

Izinkinga ekuhlanganisweni ne-quantum mechanics

Ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuchaza indawo yonke kahle ngezikali ezinkulu, kodwa kungqubuzana nethiyori ye-quantum ezingeni le-microscopic. I-Quantum Flutuações idala futhi ibhubhise izinhlayiya endaweni engenalutho, ikhiqiza okungapheli okungenakushintshwa kalula kumandla adonsela phansi, ngokungafani namanye amandla. Isikhathi somkhathi esigobe kakhulu sisebenzisana ngokuyinkinga nalokhu kuhlukahluka okungaguquki.

Izazi zefiziksi zizama ukulinganisa amandla adonsela phansi ukuze zenze ithiyori engaguquki kuzo zonke izikali. Umqondo wama-gravitons njengezinhlayiya ezixhumanisa amandla adonsela phansi uvela njengesifaniso sama-photons ku-electromagnetism. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganisa izilinganiso zokuhlobana okujwayelekile nemithetho ye-quantum kuseyinselelo evulekile.

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Izindlela zesimanje ze-quantum gravity

Ithiyori ye-Superstring iphakamisa ukuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ziyizintambo ezincane ezidlidlizayo, eziholela ngokwemvelo encazelweni ye-quantum yamandla adonsela phansi. Essa Uhlaka luphakamisa ubukhulu obengeziwe futhi lukhiqize kabusha izici zokuhlobana okuvamile ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo efanele. Pesquisadores hlola ukuthi ubhekana kanjani nezimbobo ezimnyama kanye ne-entropy.

Amandla adonsela phansi e-Loop quantum aphatha isikhathi sasemkhathini njengesihlukanisiwe, ngesakhiwo esiyimbudumbudu esikalini se-Planck, asikho isidingo sobukhulu obengeziwe. I-Laços noma amalophu e-quantized akha isisekelo sale quantum geometry, egcina ukuhlukahluka kokuhlobana okuvamile. Indlela ye-Essa igwema izinkinga ezithile ezincike ngemuva futhi igxile ekulinganiseni ngokuqondile isikhathi sesikhala.

I-Holographic hypothesis namandla adonsela phansi njengenkohliso

Ithiyori ye-Holographic, ethathwe emibonweni esemiculweni emikhulu, iphakamisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okukuvolumu enezinhlangothi ezintathu kungabhalwa ngekhodi endaweni enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Nesse isimo, amandla adonsela phansi avela njengomthelela oyinkohliso wokusebenzelana kobukhulu obuncane. Buracos abamnyama basebenza njengelabhorethri yetiyori, ene-entropy egxile phezulu.

Izazi zefiziksi ziyaphikisana ngokuthi ingabe isikhathi somkhathi esiqhubekayo sokuhlobana okujwayelekile sidinga ukushintshwa ngamagama ahlukene noma avelayo. I-Experimentos enamaza adonsela phansi kanye nokubhekwa kwendawo yonke iyaqhubeka nokuhlola imikhawulo yale mibono. Ukuseshwa kwencazelo ehlanganisiwe kuyaqhubeka, kuhlanganisa ukubonwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu nezimiso ze-quantum.

Izinselele ezisele kanye nemibono yetiyori

I-cosmological constant eyethulwe i-Einstein yendawo yonke emile iphinde yavela njengamandla amnyama, okusheshisa ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke. Ingxenye ye-Essa imele ingxenye enkulu yengqikithi yamandla omkhathi futhi igqamisa imikhawulo ekusebenziseni izibalo ezimsulwa ngaphandle kokulungiswa. Modelos ososayensi be-quantum bazama ukuchaza umsuka wayo.

Iziphakamiso ezihlukene ze-quantum gravity zinikeza imibono eyahlukahlukene mayelana nemvelo eyisisekelo yendawo nesikhathi. Algumas igcina izilinganiso ezine, kuyilapho ezinye zethula izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhambisana nokubhekwa okukhona kuqondisa ukucolisiswa kwale mibono.

Umphakathi wesayensi uya phambili ngokulingiswa kanye nedatha evela kuzitholi ezifana ne-LIGO, ezithwebula amagagasi adonsela phansi ekuhlanganisweni kwemigodi emnyama. Amasiginali we-Esses aqinisekisa izibikezelo zokuhlobana okuvamile ezimisweni eziqinile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizamo yetiyori ifuna ukuxazulula ubunye nokungahambisani ngezikali ezidlulele.